婴幼儿脑发育的特点

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20世纪90年代以来，有关脑发育的科学研究在飞速发展。现在，我们不但知道大脑结构与遗传模式有关，更进一步知道孩子大脑神经细胞之间的联系与其出生后的环境密切相关。大脑的神经细胞在婴幼儿期的可塑性、可代偿性及用进废退的特性，是我们实施儿童早期教育的理论根据。

人的大脑大约由1000亿个神经细胞(神经元)组成，而每个神经细胞都与大约5万个其 <noscript>体格发育的角度来比较，孩子出生体重3千克，仅为成人平均体重(60千克)的5%，孩子体重要达到成人的50%需要到10岁，由此可见孩子大脑发育的速度远远超过生长速度。3岁前是孩子大脑发育的关键期。</p><figure class="img-ratio-box" style="width: 640px;"><span class="ratio-box" style="padding-bottom: 75%;"><img width="640" height="480" class="lazyload" data-src="https://i2.yujiaojia.com/9cc046c40f9862/d99b0d/9cc151d102/d99b0d945fce2e.jpg" alt="婴幼儿脑发育的特点" title="婴幼儿脑发育的特点"></span></figure> <p>关键期是指某种知识或行为经验在某一特定时期或阶段最易获得、最易形成的时期，错过这个时期就不能获得或达不到最高水平。比如，小鹅出生后1～2天有追随活动物体的行为(追随无论是母鹅、人或其他物体)。但过了两天后，即便用活动的物体去逗引它，它也很难再形成这种追随行为了。</p> <p>人类也有关键期，视、听、说、爬、站、走，甚至吃饭，无一例外。人类学习各种本领都具备各种潜能。潜能在丰富的<a href="https://m.yujiaojia.com/tags-9613-0.html" target="_blank" >外界</a>环境刺激下，得以发挥。但是如果关键期没有得到相应的刺激，潜能就会消退，永远无法再激发。大家都知道印度狼孩的故事，这个出生后不久被狼叼走并养育长大的孩子，7～8岁回到人类社会，但他只会像狼一样生活，不会说话，不会直立行走，不会与人交流。虽然社会给他提供了良好的学习<a href="https://m.yujiaojia.com/tags-9761-0.html" target="_blank" >生活环境</a>，但他17岁死亡时仅有两岁孩子的智力水平。这就是错过关键期无法再激发潜能的典型事例，也是脑发育“用进废退”特性的有力佐证。</p> <p>大脑未成熟前具有最好的可塑性和代偿性。这点不仅有利于正常儿童的早期教育，更是脑损伤导致智残儿童可以进行早期干预的理论依据。神经细胞非常神奇，某些特殊功能可以改变；某些损伤或破坏的细胞，它的功能可由另一些细胞来替代，这就是神经细胞的可变更性和代偿性。因此，孩子脑损伤后，我们只要给他足够的科学的刺激就可以促进脑细胞恢复，防止伤残。 </p></!--显示正文></!--NEWSZW_HZH_END--></!--Adforward></IMG></!--Adforward></!--allyes></!--育儿内页画中画结束--></!--育儿内页画中画开始--></!--NEWSZW_HZH_BEGIN--> </p> </div>  <section class="hor plr-30 bg-white"> <div class="hor-main clearfix"> <a href='https://m.yujiaojia.com/tags-650-0.html' class='hor-ls fl'>婴幼儿</a> <a href='https://m.yujiaojia.com/tags-1222-0.html' class='hor-ls fl'>特点</a> <a href="https://m.yujiaojia.com/info/de9c0b945ecb/" title="新生儿生长发育特点" class='hor-ls fl'>新生儿生长发育特点</a> </div></section> </div> </section>   <section class="wonder-pic plr-30 bg-white b-b-solid mb-20"> <h2 class="cm-title clearfix"><i class="icon icon-title-pic fl"></i> <span class="fl">相关内容</span> </h2> <div class="wop-main"> <ul class="wop-body clearfix"> <li class="wop-list fl"> <a href="https://m.yujiaojia.com/hy/yunfubaojian/411684.html" 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